Contrast an Effective and Ineffective Leader Using the Concepts of Influence Tactics

Contrast an Effective and Ineffective Leader Using the Concepts of Influence Tactics According to Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy (2009), leadership involves influencing people with an aim of achieving certain set objectives. Leadership involves, directing, control and supervisions of activities among other roles. The achievement of organizational objectives is accomplished through use of effective skills in leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast an Effective and Ineffective Leader Using the Concepts of Influence Tactics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership involves application of traits that will work to influence people to achieve desired outcomes. For effective leaders there is need to understand how influence tactics come into play in leadership. A leader should develop the necessary power to influence behavior in an organization to a certain direction. In influencing behavior, an effective leader applies strategies or tactics that are meant to change the attitudes of the staff, the ir beliefs, values, and how they act (Fairholm, 2009). Effective managers apply soft tactics in their leadership that are friendly to their employees, are not coercive and other people perceive this tactics to be fair to them (Fairholm, 2009). Some of the tactics applied by effective managers include use of rational persuasion; it is where managers attempt to convince their juniors by applying logical arguments as well as introducing evidence that is based on facts. Effective managers will also apply inspirational appeal, which is attempting to create enthusiasm amongst the employees by attempting to appeal to the emotions, value system, and individual ideals of the employees in the organization (Fairholm, 2009). Consultation is also an important tactic applied by effective manager and it involves inviting of other people in the organization into participating in the decision-making, planning, and in the creation and implementation of changes in the organization (Fairholm, 2009). Th e staff in the organization should feel they are part of the decision-making and consultation is crucial in achieving this. Ingratiation is another tactic applied by effective leaders and it involves the act of ensuring other people are in good mood before a leader attempts to influence the people. Ingratiation is at times regarded as flattery but it works if well applied. Personal appeal is also an effective approach that is applied by leaders, it involves the application of reference to friendship, and loyalty before a leader makes any request.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ineffective leaders apply ineffective tactics to influence people towards achieving organizational goals and objectives. Ineffective leaders apply hard tactics that exert pressure on their staff, work in generating resistance and the tactics are regarded as being unfair (Fairholm, 2009). Som e of the hard tactics include use of pressure, where a leader applies demands, threats, frequently checks on what others are doing or persistently reminds staff on what to do, with intent of influencing the target to acting in a certain way. Another tactic used by ineffective managers to influence behavior is the use of exchange, it is where a leader attempts to express or implies promises and trades favors to the staff so that they comply with the set objective. Ineffective leaders also apply coalition tactics, the leader enlists the help of other people with intent of influencing the employees to work towards the set objectives. Legitimating tactics is also another tactic applied by ineffective managers and it involves making a basis for a request as being based on their authority or right, rules, policies or what other superiors in the organization had wanted. Success of an influence tactic is based how the people who are the target of the tactic react, either by demonstrating co mpliance, being committed or resist in regards to the achievement of the objective. A leader who has power will effectively apply a number of influence tactics that leaders who have little or no power will not apply. The challenge to the leaders is assessing the best situation and the most effective influence tactic to apply to achieve the desired outcome. References Fairholm, G. (2009). Organizational power politics : tactics in organizational leadership. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast an Effective and Ineffective Leader Using the Concepts of Influence Tactics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hughes, R. Ginnett, R. Curphy G. (2009). Leadership : enhancing the lessons of experience. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Cross-cultural Marriages Contribute to Racial Tolerance

Cross-cultural Marriages Contribute to Racial Tolerance CROSS-CULTURAL MARRIAGES CONTRIBUTE TO RACIAL TOLERANCE According to the Pew Research Center, 15 percent of U.S. newlyweds in 2010 were in marriages to people of another race or ethnic group and eight percent of all married people were in these cross-cultural marriages. This is up significantly from four percent in 1986. The growth in the number of these marriages contributes to racial tolerance. Intermarriage strengthens tolerance for reasons related to family, age, and mass media and social platforms. Familial Ties Influence Tolerance of Interracial Marriage One reason cross-cultural marriages contribute to tolerance is because of family bonds. Thirty-five percent of Americans report that someone in their family married outside their race, according to a 2010 Pew Research Center study. Sixty-three percent of the respondents said they would be comfortable if someone in their family married someone from another race or ethnic group.Some people who have a hard-hearted attitude about cross-cultural marriage softened their views when they realize acceptance is the only way to maintain a good relationship with their child, sibling, relative or friend who has entered into one of these marriages. And even though people over 65 are less accepting of these marriages than younger people, not too many are willing to cut off a good relationship with their child because he or she entered into such a marriage. Certainly, most grandparents will want to stay connected with grandchildren who are th e offspring of these relationships. Young People Are More Likely To Accept Cross-Cultural Marriages Age is a factor in who is more tolerant and accepting of intermarriage. While a Pew Research Center study about Millennials- defined by Pew as people ages 18 to 29- found that people over 65 were less accepting of cross-cultural marriages, it reported that large numbers of African-American, white and Hispanic Millennials would accept someone in their family marrying a person of another race or ethnic group. The study, Almost All Millennials Accept Interracial Dating and Marriage, also reported that 93 percent of the respondents said they would be okay with a family member marrying an Asian-American, 92 percent with a white American, 91 percent with a Hispanic-American and 88 percent with an African-American. Eighty-five percent said they would be okay with a marriage to any other group. Millennials are now the largest population by age in the U.S. At 75.4 million, they outnumber Baby Boomers (people ages 51 to 59) whose number is 74.9 million. For these reasons, more cross-cultural relationships can be expected. Talk in Communication Outlets Influences Tolerance The medias focus on celebrity couples is another reason tolerance moves forward. In bombarding people with images of famous people and their marriages, some of which are cross-cultural, mass media and chatter on social platforms foster acceptance. This coverage of celebrity couples is akin to advertising these marriages. The more people see celebrities in cross-cultural relationships, the more likely they are to accept them. In additional to some professional athletes, other famous people who have intermarried include Robert De Niro and Grace Hightower, George Lucas and Mellody Hobson, Audra McDonald and Will Swenson and Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan. In conclusion, tolerance is fostered by intermarriage. Since the 1980s, the percentage of cross-cultural marriages has risen. Many younger people and people who have family and friends in these marriages accept them. Discussion about intermarriage in all forms of communication also contributes to the acceptance of these relationships. Within 30 years, nonwhites will outnumber whites, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. To avoid debilitating conflict within this country and to get along better with other nations, it is good for U.S. residents to look to successful cross-cultural marriages for inspiration about harmony and facing and overcoming the challenges of peoples differences.

When the Palestinian Leadership Wants a Palestinian State more than it Essay

When the Palestinian Leadership Wants a Palestinian State more than it Wants to See the Destruction of Israel - Essay Example As the discussion stresses in a joint Israeli and Palestinian poll conducted in the last quarter of 2008, about 58% of the Palestinians preferred the two-state solution. It is a significant percentage, although smaller than the favorability in the Israelis’ perspective. The Palestinian leadership, however, is an entirely different case altogether. For instance, conflict could have been easily avoided and peace attained during the meeting brokered by US President Bill Clinton at Camp David but that the proposal was truned down by the Palestinian leadership because it would have meant leaving the Jewish state intact. Currently, the Palestinian leadership, the Hamas, is taking an even more hardline approach in its conflict with Israel. According to Mohammed Ayoob , while Hamas has moved increasingly toward accepting a two-state solution, its leadersdhip is not willing to accept Israel’s legitimacy as a state unless and until it is cewrtain of what Israel has to offer in re turn. The problem here is that Israel has made it clear time and time again that it is willing to divide lands with the Palestinians. The Palestinian leadership, on the other hand, is unwilling to fritter away its most valuable card without attaining full Israeli recognition of a Palestinian state within the borders of 1967.   This paper highlights that in a joint Israeli and Palestinian poll conducted in the last quarter of 2008, about 58% of the Palestinians preferred the two-state solution. It is a significant percentage, although smaller than the favorability in the Israelis’ perspective. The Palestinian leadership, however, is an entirely different case altogether. For instance, conflict could have been easily avoided and peace attained during the meeting brokered by US President Bill Clinton at Camp David but that the proposal was truned down by the Palestinian leadership because it would have meant leaving the Jewish state intact. Currently, the Palestinian leadership, the Hamas, is taking an even more hardline approach in its conflict with Israel. According to Mohammed Ayoob, while Hamas has moved increasingly toward accepting a two-state solution, its leadersdhip is not willing to accept Israel’s legitimacy as a state unless and until it is cewrtain of what Israel has to offer in re turn.

Free trade is beneficial and should be promoted Essay

Free trade is beneficial and should be promoted - Essay Example Like in capitalistic national economies, rules and regulation restrict operations in international businesses and this forms the basis of defining different types of international trade environments. Free trade is one of the types and defines an international trade in which no regulations exists. Buying and selling of commodities are only subject to laws of demand and supply and not domestic laws or international barriers. This is contrary to the current international trade environment in which laws restrict trade and treaties exist to facilitate trade with specific partners. This paper argues that free trade is a better option for the contemporary global economy. Diversified views exist against free trade. One of such arguments is the risk of structural unemployment that a domestic economy may experience when it opens up its borders to free trade. According to the perspective, free trade may make some industries more competitive than others may and therefore shifts investments and d emand for labor to the more competitive industries and ventures. The consequence is dissertation of some industries that may render experts in those industries jobless. Finding jobs with redundant skills, especially at old age may be a challenge and a threat to people’s welfare and economic growth. It is also argued that free trade exposes an economy to trends in other economies and to global economic trends. Inflation in one country may induce inflation in another country because traded goods from the affected country transfers the inflation effect into the recipient economy. Similarly, recession in one economy may reduce its potentials to import commodities and reduce demand for another country’s export. Cases of perishable commodities would result into economic loss in the exporting countries. Opponents of free trade also claim that the international market favors some economies than others. Countries that are more efficient are able to trade at competitive advantag es and this hinders development of emerging economies that lack such advantages. This basis limits benefits of free trade to developed countries that continues to expand their economies while economies of developing countries stagnate. Regulations are also necessary for environmental conservation and free trade is a threat to this because it eliminates or weakens environmental laws. Organizations that produce commodities in less regulated environments also have advantage over those that operate in strictly regulated environments and this may facilitate the urge to eliminate all environmental regulations. Doing so, based on the opponents’ perspectives, is a key to global environmental concerns such as the contemporary global warming. There are also circumstances in which natural justice requires regulations. Examples are in cases of economic downturns such as the recent global recession that called for regulations to prevent unemployment rates (Edge 1). Moral and rational anal ysis of the opposing arguments identifies weaknesses in their validity. Threats of structural unemployment are for example not real, because people can operate in different industries and organizations’ compositions identify diversity. Transition that focuses interest from one industry to another will therefore only shift employment in that direction. Limiting free trade in order to protect domestic industries and domestic economies is also not rational because such industries failed to thrive in previous restricted market environment and all economies suffered from previous recessions under regulated trade. A moral perspective, rather that rule based approach can also help in resolving issues such as environmental protection and protection of employments during economic crisis (Edge 1). A review of arguments for free

Faith and Reason in the Enlightenment Essay -- The Enlightenment in Eu

In a time when faith and hard labor kept the majority of society alive, the introduction of reason by the Enlightenment was initially perceived as a threat. People had focused on their faiths and grasped the traditions and rituals of their dogmas. The Enlightenment introduced the possibility of faith and reason coinciding and cooperating to form a more civilized and equal society to replace the Old Regime, and the changes lasted far after the period of the Enlightenment. Leading up to the Enlightenment Prior to the Enlightenment, England and France instituted Old Regime societies in which three distinct classes of people embraced religion as the foundation of their lives. Each caste had a different lifestyle, with the clergy enjoying the upper class, the nobility in the position of influence, and the vast majority of the people trapped in the hardship of the Third Estate. The clergy was different in the Protestant Church than in the Catholic Church because the Catholics had only to obey the Pope while the Protestant Church was run by the monarch. None of the clergy paid many royal taxes, but still owned much of the land. Since the clergy was a high class, it was beneficial for some of the offspring of the nobility to join the clergy in order to receive higher status. The nobility as a whole controlled much money and power while maintaining constant struggle with the crown over governmental power. The Third Estate worked to live and had no freedom except for their religious beliefs. They believed that they were at the mercy of the land and of an overpowering Creator. The Old Regime was characterized in large part by conflicts between countries and within countries over religious matters. It w... ...ove their minds. European society that was once stuck in the Old Regime lifestyle grew in many facets with the introduction of reason and enlightenment. Although initially reluctant, the societies of the Old Regime embraced the thoughts of the Enlightenment, the conflict between faith and reason began to subside as people learned that they could practice both. References 1 Donald Kagan. The Western Heritage Brief Edition:Volume II Since 1648. (Upper Saddle River: Pretence Hall, 1999), 313. 2 Kagan 298 3 Perry Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River: Pretence Hall, 1997), 12. 4 Rogers, 15. 5 Kagan, 317. 6 Peter Gay. Age of Enlightenment. (New York: Time Life Books, 1966), 32. 7 Kagan, 402. 8 Kagan, 329. 9 Gay, 56. 10 Gay, 54. 11 Rogers, 102.

Describe the Expectedm Pattern of Children and Young People’s Development from Bith to 19 Years Essay

From their first year babies will start to have more control – hold their head, roll over, sit up unaided, hold a rattle, put everything into their mouths and start to crawl. During their second year development and growth continues and most start to walk. They learn to control their movements and grab objects and food and start to play with toys. They will start to climb and learn to judge distances. Towards their third year, children will have lots more control as their muscles develop and their confidence grows. Feeding themselves, using a cup and showing an interest in dressing themselves, also able to grip pencils and turn pages in a book. | Babies from birth cry to communicate and react this way to sounds. They then begin to turn their heads in the direction of sounds and use their eyes to follow others. As babies develop they enjoy attention and learn to make noises other than crying and will start to laugh. By the age of one, most understand simple words like no and yes and their own name. They will start to follow simple instructions. Between one and two years children start to pronounce words and this will then start to increase rapidly. They watch everything going on around them and recognise people. Between two to three years children recognise the difference between you, me and I and start to ask lots of questions, they won’t always get grammar right. They enjoy songs and have favourite stories. | From birth dependant on adults for comfort which generally stops when cuddled. Babies respond to adults especially Mothers face and voice. Will start to smile after a few weeks and stare at faces. As they reach 6 months babies start to enjoy more interaction and perhaps play peek-a-boo and show affection. Between one and two years they may become anxious when separated from known adults, may use a comfort object and start to play alongside other children but not with. They show interest around them and greet know adults with pleasure. Need continuous attention as can get into mischief, does not understand danger. Will get frustrated with themselves if can’t do something they try to do. Two to three years sees a sense of own identity, likes to roll-play, sometimes reluctant to share. Prone to tantrums, can spoon feed themselves, joins in songs, can use sentences but may not always make sense. Ready to toilet train. | 3 – 7 years| Three to four years – more coordination over movements – jumping with feet together, walk on tip toes, using stairs, catching a gently thrown ball, climbing with confidence. At four to five years they learn to pedal a tricycle and have control with fine motor skills such as cutting and drawing, using scissors, holding pencils. By five their skills become refined. They can hop and kick a ball with aim, handle a pencil with more control and copy shapes and some letters. Six to seven years most children can skip, ride a bicycle, do up buttons, write, handle larger climbing equipment confidently. | From three to four years children can understand two to three simple commands at once. They sort objects by size, colour and draw some objects. Loves the same stories over and over, very inquisitive, will start to know colours. By age four their grammar improves and they ask more complex questions. They also have a sense of humour. Between five to seven they begin to understand about differences, can count up to 20, know their address. Also start to recognise written words and start to write words and sentences and make up stories. | Three to four years – play becomes more sociable and able to share. Starts to show sympathy towards others and become more cooperative – likes to help. Pretend play is more complex and self-motivated and behaviour is getting better. They feel more secure and able to cope with separation from family for periods of time. Between five to seven years children can brush their own teeth, dress and undress. Can make friends and is developing a sense of rules. They love learning about people and the real world. They need routine and structure. Can use a knife and fork and enjoy a little responsibility. | 7 – 12 years| Children can run, jump, climb, swing, hit a ball and enjoys team games by age 8. Can sometimes be unsure of their own ability. May start to have hobbies and interests and have skills required to learn an instrument. About the age of 10-11 girls may start to show early signs of puberty. | Most children will be fluent in language and can read to themselves and also out loud. They start to develop their own thoughts and preferences and are able to discuss ideas. They take a lively interest in certain subjects over others. They write descriptively and drawing is detailed. They need help with the complexities of spellings. | At seven, friendships will be more settled and tend to be in groups. Children around this age start to become less dependent on adults for close support and have an understanding about behaviour and what is acceptable. By eight, children will start to form close friendships. They form their own personalities. Towards 10 and above children start to become aware of their own gender, and what others may think of them. |

Wal Mart Impact On The World s Economy Essay - 1959 Words

With more than 6,000 stores around the world, and more than two million people employed worldwide it is safe to say that Wal-Mart has got it s foothold in the world s economy. With eleven percent of all imports from China to the United States from the years of 2001 through 2006 , Wal-Mart obviously takes up a good chunk of total imports and employs one percent of all of America s workforce. Now taking all that into account in the early 2000 s a series of accusations arose about the nation s largest private employer, those accusations being that Wal-Mart uses sweat shop labor and is discriminatory against women and minorities. Now almost 15 years after these initial reports, Wal-Mart s success has only grown. According to Charles Fishman, the author of The Wal-Mart Effect, Wal-Mart isn t just a store, or a huge company, or a phenomenon anymore. Wal-Mart shapes where we shop, the products we buy, and the prices we pay-even for people who never shop there. . . .(Fishman 2006.) Now wit h the aforementioned subjects, this only adds relevance to the question posed above. While on one hand Wal-Mart brings multiple jobs to communities that otherwise would see an uneven distribution of wealth, there are so many reasons why Wal-Mart is bad, bad for the economy in the long run, bad for the environment, and most of all bad for the furtherance of Modern Human Morality. Now with 1.5 million employees being employed in America, a country that has been in economic stagnationShow MoreRelatedWal Mart s Growth Of The United States Market Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart s growth in the United States’ market has sparked increasing debate about the economic impact of its expansion. As a contribution to this debate, Wal-Mart commissioned Global Insight to undertake an independent research effort to analyze this issue. The goal of this research was to independently and credibly document the national- and local-area impacts in terms of jobs, wages, prices and consumer. 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Wal-Mart is a producer who has the sole purpose of promoting consumption of the consume r. Wal-Mart and its quest for capital improvement are playing a major and vital role in the evolution of economic life. Wal-Mart brings positive change to towns in the U.S. They increase competition between retailers, stimulating the economy, and they also bring more capital and tax revenue to at town, some of which desperately need a positive change. #8220;I think it#8217;s just the naturalRead MoreAssignment #4: â€Å"Macroeconomic Indicators†1681 Words   |  7 PagesWalmart (officially Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational company specialized in the large distribution. The company was founded by Sam Walton and today supervised by his oldest son, S. Robson Walton. Founded under this name in 1962, it was quickly developed in Arkansas, then after that in 1991 it started dominate all United States before he internationalized itself. Today, Walmart is much more like your vicinity store. We comprise a great choice of high-quality goods, friendly serviceRead MoreWal-Mart Organization: Industry Overview1554 Words   |  7 PagesIn todays society, Wal-Mart is known as one of the leading competitors of retailing. Wal-Mart was incorporated in 1962, with the goal of becoming the worlds biggest and best in the retail world. Over the years, this company has developed into a brand image and market pace to be one of the biggest known industries of all time. Wal-Mart is double the size of its closest competitor with the motto Save Money. Live Better. The owner, Sam Walton, said it best If we work together, well lower the costRead MoreMom and Pop Shops1153 Words   |  5 Pageshow Wal-Mart is taking down mom-and-pop shops and destroying them by leaving downtown barren and empty. I am going to prove it does have some effect on small business, but also it has to do with our economy. I plan on the information and graphs I found by researching my information about how the big companies do take over some small business. I will provide a power point presentation in my research paper to also show you more information about my research paper. There is no question that Wal-MartRead MoreWal Mart s Lowering Price967 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart’s lowering of prices has always been a main attraction for consumers. To provide domestic necessities at more than affordable prices draws potential custom ers from various other local retail stores. Being the top multinational retail company has allowed Wal-Mart stores to create economical and domestic shifts within respective communities. Despite being beneficial for consumers, Wal-Mart’s economical and business practices have destroyed competitors within local communities and affectedRead MoreWal Mart : The Face Of Twenty First Century Capitalism782 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness ethics. My selection was a scholarly peer reviewed article named â€Å"Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First Century Capitalism†. Wal-Mart s historical roots can be carefully mapped out. The company did not become the world s largest corporation overnight. That process took decades, as several chapters from the book demonstrate (Lichtentstein, 2006). Nelson Lichtenstein s introductory chapter convincingly implies that Wal-Mart, like the Pennsylvania railroad in the late nineteenth century, U.S.